摘要 本文借鉴认知语言学的成果构建了一个分析模型，来解释英语指称语在语篇中的分布。全文七个章节，分为五个部分：研究背景、文献综述、理论模型、语料分析及结论部分。研究背景部分介绍了研究问题，陈述了研究背景，解释了研究方法以及语料收集。在文献综述部分，本文回顾了相关研究，认为对指称语的研究可以分为四大类：语篇方法、语用方法、心理方法以及其它方法。文献回顾显示目前的研究存在两点不足：（一）当出现自己的方法不能解释的现象时，会推给另一种分析方法；（二）没有系统地解释在选择指称表达式时语言使用者的意图。本文构建一个认知分析模型来解释英语指称语在语篇中的分布，并且追寻选择指称语的过程中聚焦者的意图。本研究的假设是英语指称语的分布由焦点化的心理空间模型制约。由该模型支持的基本论点为：英语指称语的分布是由认知的加工努力程度和观察被结构化了的认知客体时所采用的聚焦方式两种因素共同决定。在借鉴的基础上，本文补充与修正了认知语言学的相关理论。语篇被看作焦点化心理空间层级网络的载体。作为对各种焦点化心理空间的概括，理想的焦点化心理空间可以作为语篇分析的抽象单位。焦点化心理空间中的认知客体由三部分组成，并且从聚焦者的视角来聚焦观察。这三个部分是：心理空间的观察者（即聚焦者）、伴随聚焦者、存在于心理空间的其它认知客体。聚焦者和伴随聚焦者是言语行为的参与者。焦点化心理空间模型借用了Langacker的聚焦理论的运作机制，其基本原理是同一个概念体可以被聚焦者从不同的角度观察并突显某一个侧面,产生不同的形象(image）；据此，语言使用者选择相应的指称表达式。除了概念客体被聚焦并观察为不同的形象外，认知加工过程也对指称语的选择产生影响。它主要体现为当前聚焦观察如何受上次聚焦观察的影响。正如Ariel认为，当一个概念客体的突显(SALIENCE)程度高时，语言使用者会选择相对简约的语言形式。本文认为同一认知客体被聚焦观察为不同的形象是由聚焦者的意图决定。元意向(meta-intentions)是对各种意图的概括，它包括三类：提及认知客体旨在突显某一形象；表达立场旨在表达对认知客体的态度；指称表达式使语篇更加连贯（同一指称链上不同表达式是对同一认知客体的体现，并且保持相同的立场）。它们反映了相互并列的意向关系，叫做微观元意向。在焦点化心理空间网络中，元意向在各个层级中都有持有者；这种关系反映了不同级别之间的意向关系，叫做宏观元意向。指称表达式是对焦点化心理空间中结构化认知客体的体现，它不但反映出聚焦和观察时的方式，而且反映出认知加工的努力程度；对指称表达式的选择既体现了元意向的不同方面，也体现了不同层级中聚焦者的元意向。语料分析包括第四章到第六章，例证了用焦点化的心理空间模型来解释英语指称表达式分布的有效性。在这一部分，例证三个元意向如何通过对聚焦过程的引导影响指称表达式的选择。第四章分析指称表达式怎样提及认知客体。通过指称表达式，聚焦者如何突现认知客体某一形象。第五章分析指称表达式怎样体现立场。通过指称表达式，聚焦者如何表达对认知客体的态度...
外文摘要 Borrowing the findings in cognitive linguistics, this dissertation draws up a cognitive model to provide a new solution to the distribution of referring expressions from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. The seven chapters in this dissertation can be divided into five parts: introducing the research background, reviewing the previous studies, presenting a new explanatory model, demonstrating the model with English data, and concluding this research.The author firstly explains the research topic, research questions, the methodology and the data collection. In the literature review, this dissertation divides the previous studies on referring expressions into four groups: textual, pragmatic, psychological, and others. The review shows that previous studies have two drawbacks: (a) when falling short of the explanatory power, the previous studies frequently resort to another method, and (b) the previous studies do not systematically explain the purposes in selecting a particular referring expression for a textual slot.Basing on the achievements in the previous studies, this research (a) sets up a cognitive model to explain the selection of referring expressions, and (b) pursues the purposes of focalizing an entity differently. It is hypothesized that the distribution of referring expressions is guided by the Focalized Mental Space Model, which supports the argument of this dissertation: the selection of referring expressions is determined not only by the processing effort but also by the way an entity is focalized. This study modifies the relevant theories in cognitive linguistics and draws up a cognitive model to explain the distribution of referring expressions. In this dissertation, a text is looked upon as a manifestation of the hierarchical network of focalized mental spaces. Consequently, an ideal focalized mental space becomes the abstract unit of texts. In the ideal focalized mental space, entities are classified into the first party (focalizer), the second party (para-focalizer), and the third party (other entities). The first party and the second party directly “participate in the communication”; therefore, they are speech act participants. This model “borrows” the working mechanism from Langacker’s focal adjustment, which works in this way: an entity could be focalized to have different images to be encoded by referring expressions for a textual slot. In addition to the current focalizing process, the previous focalizing process also...
摘要 本文借鉴认知语言学的成果构建了一个分析模型，来解释英语指称语在语篇中的分布。全文七个章节，分为五个部分：研究背景、文献综述、理论模型、语料分析及结论部分。研究背景部分介绍了研究问题，陈述了研究背景，解释了研究方法以及语料收集。在文献综述部分，本文回顾了相关研究，认为对指称语的研究可以分为四大类：语篇方法、语用方法、心理方法以及其它方法。文献回顾显示目前的研究存在两点不足：（一）当出现自己的方法不能解释的现象时，会推给另一种分析方法；（二）没有系统地解释在选择指称表达式时语言使用者的意图。本文构建一个认知分析模型来解释英语指称语在语篇中的分布，并且追寻选择指称语的过程中聚焦者的意图。本研究的假设是英语指称语的分布由焦点化的心理空间模型制约。由该模型支持的基本论点为：英语指称语的分布是由认知的加工努力程度和观察被结构化了的认知客体时所采用的聚焦方式两种因素共同决定。在借鉴的基础上，本文补充与修正了认知语言学的相关理论。语篇被看作焦点化心理空间层级网络的载体。作为对各种焦点化心理空间的概括，理想的焦点化心理空间可以作为语篇分析的抽象单位。焦点化心理空间中的认知客体由三部分组成，并且从聚焦者的视角来聚焦观察。这三个部分是：心理空间的观察者（即聚焦者）、伴随聚焦者、存在于心理空间的其它认知客体。聚焦者和伴随聚焦者是言语行为的参与者。焦点化心理空间模型借用了Langacker的聚焦理论的运作机制，其基本原理是同一个概念体可以被聚焦者从不同的角度观察并突显某一个侧面,产生不同的形象(image）；据此，语言使用者选择相应的指称表达式。除了概念客体被聚焦并观察为不同的形象外，认知加工过程也对指称语的选择产生影响。它主要体现为当前聚焦观察如何受上次聚焦观察的影响。正如Ariel认为，当一个概念客体的突显(SALIENCE)程度高时，语言使用者会选择相对简约的语言形式。本文认为同一认知客体被聚焦观察为不同的形象是由聚焦者的意图决定。元意向(meta-intentions)是对各种意图的概括，它包括三类：提及认知客体旨在突显某一形象；表达立场旨在表达对认知客体的态度；指称表达式使语篇更加连贯（同一指称链上不同表达式是对同一认知客体的体现，并且保持相同的立场）。它们反映了相互并列的意向关系，叫做微观元意向。在焦点化心理空间网络中，元意向在各个层级中都有持有者；这种关系反映了不同级别之间的意向关系，叫做宏观元意向。指称表达式是对焦点化心理空间中结构化认知客体的体现，它不但反映出聚焦和观察时的方式，而且反映出认知加工的努力程度；对指称表达式的选择既体现了元意向的不同方面，也体现了不同层级中聚焦者的元意向。语料分析包括第四章到第六章，例证了用焦点化的心理空间模型来解释英语指称表达式分布的有效性。在这一部分，例证三个元意向如何通过对聚焦过程的引导影响指称表达式的选择。第四章分析指称表达式怎样提及认知客体。通过指称表达式，聚焦者如何突现认知客体某一形象。第五章分析指称表达式怎样体现立场。通过指称表达式，聚焦者如何表达对认知客体的态度...
外文摘要 Borrowing the findings in cognitive linguistics, this dissertation draws up a cognitive model to provide a new solution to the distribution of referring expressions from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. The seven chapters in this dissertation can be divided into five parts: introducing the research background, reviewing the previous studies, presenting a new explanatory model, demonstrating the model with English data, and concluding this research.The author firstly explains the research topic, research questions, the methodology and the data collection. In the literature review, this dissertation divides the previous studies on referring expressions into four groups: textual, pragmatic, psychological, and others. The review shows that previous studies have two drawbacks: (a) when falling short of the explanatory power, the previous studies frequently resort to another method, and (b) the previous studies do not systematically explain the purposes in selecting a particular referring expression for a textual slot.Basing on the achievements in the previous studies, this research (a) sets up a cognitive model to explain the selection of referring expressions, and (b) pursues the purposes of focalizing an entity differently. It is hypothesized that the distribution of referring expressions is guided by the Focalized Mental Space Model, which supports the argument of this dissertation: the selection of referring expressions is determined not only by the processing effort but also by the way an entity is focalized. This study modifies the relevant theories in cognitive linguistics and draws up a cognitive model to explain the distribution of referring expressions. In this dissertation, a text is looked upon as a manifestation of the hierarchical network of focalized mental spaces. Consequently, an ideal focalized mental space becomes the abstract unit of texts. In the ideal focalized mental space, entities are classified into the first party (focalizer), the second party (para-focalizer), and the third party (other entities). The first party and the second party directly “participate in the communication”; therefore, they are speech act participants. This model “borrows” the working mechanism from Langacker’s focal adjustment, which works in this way: an entity could be focalized to have different images to be encoded by referring expressions for a textual slot. In addition to the current focalizing process, the previous focalizing process also...
